= Normalization and design improvements In my initial DDL design, several entities shared the same attribute names, so I renamed them to make the design clearer and eliminate any ambiguous information. The changes I made follow the format (relation_name_specification): content → story_content, chapter_content, comment_content, notification_content, list_content created_at → user_created_at, story_created_at, chapter_created_at, list_created_at, notification_created_at, like_created_at, comment_created_at, collab_created_at, suggestion_created_at updated_at → user_updated_at, story_updated_at, chapter_updated_at, list_updated_at, comment_updated_at name → user_name, genre_name, list_name After these changes, I obtained the following de-normalized relation: === Global Relation R = {user_id, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at, story_id, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, story_created_at, story_updated_at, status, chapter_id, chapter_number, chapter_name, title, chapter_content, word_count, rating, published_at, view_count, chapter_created_at, chapter_updated_at, genre_id, genre_name, list_id, list_name, list_content, is_public, list_created_at, list_updated_at, added_at, notification_id, notification_content, is_read, type, link, notification_created_at, content_type, suggestion_id, original_text, suggested_text, accepted, applied_at, suggestion_created_at, suggestion_type, comment_id, comment_content, comment_created_at, comment_updated_at, roles, permission_level, collab_created_at, like_created_at} == Functional Dependencies: - FD1: user_id → username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at - FD2: username → user_id - FD3: email → user_id - FD4: story_id → mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at - FD5: chapter_id → chapter_number, chapter_name, title, chapter_content, word_count, rating, published_at, view_count, story_id, chapter_created_at, chapter_updated_at - FD6: {story_id, chapter_number} → chapter_id - FD7: genre_id → genre_name - FD8: genre_name → genre_id - FD9: list_id → list_name, list_content, is_public, user_id, list_created_at, list_updated_at - FD10: notification_id → notification_content, is_read, recipient_user_id, type, link, notification_created_at - FD11: suggestion_id → original_text, suggested_text, accepted, suggestion_created_at, applied_at, story_id - FD12:comment_id → comment_content, user_id, story_id, comment_created_at, comment_updated_at - FD13: {user_id, story_id} → like_created_at - FD14: {user_id, story_id} → collab_created_at - FD15:{list_id, story_id} → added_at -> / === Closures user_id+ = {user_id, username, email, user_name, surname, password,user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R username+ = {username, user_id, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R email+ = {email, user_id, username, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R story_id+ = {story_id, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R chapter_id+ = {chapter_id, chapter_number, chapter_name, title, chapter_content, word_count, rating, published_at, view_count, story_id, chapter_created_at, chapter_updated_at, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R {story_id, chapter_number}+ = {story_id, chapter_number, chapter_id, chapter_name, title, chapter_content, word_count, rating, published_at, view_count, chapter_created_at, chapter_updated_at, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R genre_id+ = {genre_id, genre_name} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R genre_name+ = {genre_name, genre_id} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R list_id+ = {list_id, list_name, list_content, is_public, user_id, list_created_at, list_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R notification_id+ = {notification_id, notification_content, is_read, recipient_user_id, type, link, notification_created_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R suggestion_id+ = {suggestion_id, original_text, suggested_text, accepted, suggestion_created_at, applied_at, story_id, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R comment_id+ = {comment_id, comment_content, user_id, story_id, comment_created_at, comment_updated_at, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R {user_id, story_id}+ = {user_id, story_id, like_created_at, collab_created_at, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R {list_id, story_id}+ = {list_id, story_id, added_at, list_name, list_content, is_public, list_created_at, list_updated_at, mature_content, short_description, image, story_content,user_id, story_created_at, story_updated_at, username, email, user_name, surname, password, user_created_at, user_updated_at} → Does NOT contain all attributes of R