Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/AuthController.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/AuthController.java	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/AuthController.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.controller;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Map;
 
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.config.AuthProperties;
-import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
@@ -10,7 +9,15 @@
 import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
 import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
-import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
-import org.springframework.web.server.ResponseStatusException;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CookieValue;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.config.AuthProperties;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.InvalidTokenException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.UnauthenticatedException;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.AuthRequestDto;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.LoginRequestDto;
@@ -31,16 +38,10 @@
     public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> register(
             @ModelAttribute AuthRequestDto authRequestDto,
-            HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse){
-        try {
-            UserResponseDto userResponseDto = authService.registerAndLogIn(httpServletResponse, authRequestDto);
-            return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
-                    "user", userResponseDto,
-                    "tokenExpiresIn", authProperties.getAccessTokenMaxAge()
-            ));
-        } catch (Exception e){
-            return ResponseEntity
-                    .status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
-                    .body(Map.of("error", e.getMessage()));
-        }
+            HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws IOException {
+        UserResponseDto userResponseDto = authService.registerAndLogIn(httpServletResponse, authRequestDto);
+        return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
+                "user", userResponseDto,
+                "tokenExpiresIn", authProperties.getAccessTokenMaxAge()
+        ));
     }
 
@@ -48,26 +49,18 @@
     public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> login(
             @RequestBody LoginRequestDto loginRequestDto,
-            HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse){
-        try {
-            UserResponseDto userResponseDto = authService.login(httpServletResponse, loginRequestDto);
-            return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
-                    "user", userResponseDto,
-                    "tokenExpiresIn", authProperties.getAccessTokenMaxAge()
-                    )
-            );
-        } catch (Exception e){
-            return ResponseEntity
-                    .status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
-                    .body(Map.of("error", e.getMessage()));
-        }
+            HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) {
+        UserResponseDto userResponseDto = authService.login(httpServletResponse, loginRequestDto);
+        return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
+                "user", userResponseDto,
+                "tokenExpiresIn", authProperties.getAccessTokenMaxAge()
+        ));
     }
-
 
     @PostMapping("/refresh")
     public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Integer>> refresh(
             HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse,
-            @CookieValue(name = "refreshToken", required = false) String refreshToken){
-        if (refreshToken == null){
-            throw new ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "No credentials");
+            @CookieValue(name = "refreshToken", required = false) String refreshToken) {
+        if (refreshToken == null) {
+            throw new InvalidTokenException("No refresh token provided.");
         }
         authService.refreshAccessTokenAndAddCookie(httpServletResponse, refreshToken);
@@ -80,5 +73,5 @@
     public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> logout(
             HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse,
-            @CookieValue(name = "refreshToken", required = false) String refreshToken){
+            @CookieValue(name = "refreshToken", required = false) String refreshToken) {
         authService.clearCookies(httpServletResponse, refreshToken);
         SecurityContextHolder.clearContext();
@@ -87,8 +80,8 @@
 
     @GetMapping("/user")
-    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> getUser(){
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> getUser() {
         Authentication authentication = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication();
-        if (authentication == null || !authentication.isAuthenticated()){
-            throw new ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, "Not authenticated");
+        if (authentication == null || !authentication.isAuthenticated()) {
+            throw new UnauthenticatedException();
         }
         Object principal = authentication.getPrincipal();
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/GlobalExceptionHandler.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/GlobalExceptionHandler.java	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/controller/GlobalExceptionHandler.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -1,21 +1,61 @@
 package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.controller;
 
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestControllerAdvice;
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.MaxUploadSizeExceededException;
+import org.springframework.web.server.ResponseStatusException;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Map;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.AuthException;
 
 @RestControllerAdvice
 public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalExceptionHandler.class);
 
-    @ExceptionHandler(RuntimeException.class)
-    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> handleRuntimeException(RuntimeException ex) {
-        Map<String, String> errorMap = new HashMap<>();
-        errorMap.put("error", ex.getMessage());
+    @ExceptionHandler(AuthException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> handleAuthException(AuthException ex) {
+        return ResponseEntity
+                .status(ex.getStatus())
+                .body(Map.of("error", ex.getMessage()));
+    }
 
-        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(errorMap);
+    @ExceptionHandler(UsernameNotFoundException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> handleUsernameNotFound(UsernameNotFoundException ex) {
+        return ResponseEntity
+                .status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
+                .body(Map.of("error", "Invalid credentials."));
+    }
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(ResponseStatusException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> handleResponseStatusException(ResponseStatusException ex) {
+        logger.error("Response status:", ex);
+        return ResponseEntity
+                .status(ex.getStatusCode())
+                .body(Map.of("error", ex.getReason() != null ? ex.getReason() : "An error occurred."));
+    }
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(MaxUploadSizeExceededException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> handleMaxSize(MaxUploadSizeExceededException ex) {
+        logger.error("Max upload size error:", ex);
+        return ResponseEntity
+                .status(HttpStatus.PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE)
+                .body(Map.of(
+                        "error", "File too large.",
+                        "maxSize", "2MB"
+                ));
+    }
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, String>> handleGenericException(Exception ex) {
+        logger.error("Unexpected error occurred:", ex);
+        return ResponseEntity
+                .status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
+                .body(Map.of("error", "An unexpected error occurred."));
     }
 }
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/AuthException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/AuthException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/AuthException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public abstract class AuthException extends RuntimeException {
+    
+    public AuthException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    public AuthException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+
+    public abstract HttpStatus getStatus();
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidCredentialsException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidCredentialsException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidCredentialsException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class InvalidCredentialsException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public InvalidCredentialsException() {
+        super("Invalid credentials.");
+    }
+    
+    public InvalidCredentialsException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidFileException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidFileException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidFileException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class InvalidFileException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public InvalidFileException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    public static InvalidFileException invalidType() {
+        return new InvalidFileException("Invalid file type. Only images are allowed.");
+    }
+    
+    public static InvalidFileException tooLarge(long maxSizeBytes) {
+        long maxSizeMB = maxSizeBytes / 1_000_000;
+        return new InvalidFileException("File too large. Maximum size is " + maxSizeMB + "MB.");
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidTokenException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidTokenException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/InvalidTokenException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class InvalidTokenException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public InvalidTokenException() {
+        super("Invalid or expired token.");
+    }
+    
+    public InvalidTokenException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UnauthenticatedException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UnauthenticatedException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UnauthenticatedException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class UnauthenticatedException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public UnauthenticatedException() {
+        super("User not authenticated.");
+    }
+    
+    public UnauthenticatedException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserAlreadyExistsException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserAlreadyExistsException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserAlreadyExistsException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class UserAlreadyExistsException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public UserAlreadyExistsException(String username) {
+        super("Username '" + username + "' is already taken.");
+    }
+    public UserAlreadyExistsException() {
+        super("Username is already taken.");
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.CONFLICT;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserNotFoundException.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserNotFoundException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/exceptions/UserNotFoundException.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+public class UserNotFoundException extends AuthException {
+    
+    public UserNotFoundException() {
+        super("User not found.");
+    }
+    
+    public UserNotFoundException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public HttpStatus getStatus() {
+        return HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+}
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/AuthService.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/AuthService.java	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/AuthService.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
 package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.service;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.UUID;
 
 import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
@@ -5,13 +11,19 @@
 import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
 
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.config.AuthProperties;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.AuthRequestDto;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.LoginRequestDto;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.UserResponseDto;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.InvalidCredentialsException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.InvalidFileException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.UnauthenticatedException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.UserAlreadyExistsException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.UserNotFoundException;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.NonAdminUser;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.RefreshToken;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.Role;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.User;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.AuthRequestDto;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.LoginRequestDto;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.dto.UserResponseDto;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.repository.NonAdminUserRepository;
 import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.repository.UserRepository;
@@ -21,11 +33,4 @@
 import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
-import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.file.Files;
-import java.nio.file.Path;
-import java.nio.file.Paths;
-import java.util.UUID;
 
 @Service
@@ -39,4 +44,5 @@
     private final AuthProperties authProperties;
 
+    private static final long MAX_FILE_SIZE = 2_000_000;
 
     @Transactional
@@ -44,5 +50,5 @@
     throws IOException {
         if (userRepository.findByUsername(authRequestDto.username()).isPresent()){
-            throw new RuntimeException("Error creating user.");
+            throw new UserAlreadyExistsException();
         }
         User user = createNonAdminUser(authRequestDto);
@@ -52,8 +58,8 @@
     public UserResponseDto login(HttpServletResponse response, LoginRequestDto loginRequestDto){
         User user = userRepository.findByUsername(loginRequestDto.username())
-                .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Invalid credentials."));
+                .orElseThrow(InvalidCredentialsException::new);
 
         if (!passwordEncoder.matches(loginRequestDto.password(), user.getPassword())){
-            throw new RuntimeException("Invalid credentials.");
+            throw new InvalidCredentialsException();
         }
 
@@ -74,5 +80,5 @@
     public UserResponseDto getUserDtoByUsername(String username){
         User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username)
-                .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Invalid credentials."));
+                .orElseThrow(UserNotFoundException::new);
 
         return userResponseFromUser(user);
@@ -103,12 +109,11 @@
         Authentication authentication= SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication();
         if (authentication == null || !authentication.isAuthenticated()) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("User not authenticated.");
+            throw new UnauthenticatedException();
         }
 
         String username=authentication.getName();
 
-
         return userRepository.findByUsername(username).map(User::getId)
-                .orElseThrow(()->new RuntimeException("User not found."));
+                .orElseThrow(UserNotFoundException::new);
     }
 
@@ -124,10 +129,12 @@
 
         MultipartFile profilePhoto = authRequestDto.profilePhoto();
-        if (profilePhoto != null) {
-            if (profilePhoto.getContentType() != null && !profilePhoto.getContentType().startsWith("image/"))
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid fyle type.");
+        if (profilePhoto != null && !profilePhoto.isEmpty()) {
+            String contentType = profilePhoto.getContentType();
+            if (contentType == null || !contentType.startsWith("image/")) {
+                throw InvalidFileException.invalidType();
+            }
 
-            if (profilePhoto.getSize() > 2_000_000) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException(("File too large."));
+            if (profilePhoto.getSize() > MAX_FILE_SIZE) {
+                throw InvalidFileException.tooLarge(MAX_FILE_SIZE);
             }
 
Index: finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/RefreshTokenService.java
===================================================================
--- finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/RefreshTokenService.java	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ finkwave/src/main/java/com/ukim/finki/develop/finkwave/service/RefreshTokenService.java	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
 package com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.service;
-
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.config.AuthProperties;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.RefreshToken;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.User;
-import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.repository.RefreshTokenRepository;
-import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
-import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
@@ -12,4 +5,14 @@
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.config.AuthProperties;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.exceptions.InvalidTokenException;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.RefreshToken;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.model.User;
+import com.ukim.finki.develop.finkwave.repository.RefreshTokenRepository;
+
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 
 @Service
@@ -32,7 +35,11 @@
 
     public RefreshToken validateRefreshToken(String token){
-        RefreshToken refreshToken = findByToken(token).orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Invalid token"));
-        if (refreshToken.isRevoked() || refreshToken.getExpiresAt().isBefore(Instant.now())){
-            throw new RuntimeException("Invalid refresh token");
+        RefreshToken refreshToken = findByToken(token)
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new InvalidTokenException("Invalid refresh token."));
+        if (refreshToken.isRevoked()){
+            throw new InvalidTokenException("Refresh token has been revoked.");
+        }
+        if (refreshToken.getExpiresAt().isBefore(Instant.now())){
+            throw new InvalidTokenException("Refresh token has expired.");
         }
         return refreshToken;
Index: frontend/src/pages/Login.tsx
===================================================================
--- frontend/src/pages/Login.tsx	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ frontend/src/pages/Login.tsx	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -28,6 +28,5 @@
 				error.response?.data?.error ||
 				"Login failed. Please check your credentials.";
-			setError(errorMessage);
-			toast.error(errorMessage);
+			setError(`Login failed: ${errorMessage}`);
 		}
 	};
Index: frontend/src/pages/Register.tsx
===================================================================
--- frontend/src/pages/Register.tsx	(revision b70fbeb1a16c9d900c276242b590510a38a98b4a)
+++ frontend/src/pages/Register.tsx	(revision 3238007b9dbc5f9b1be113a3d57611699c0c7302)
@@ -58,6 +58,5 @@
 			const errorMessage =
 				error.response?.data?.error || "Registration failed. Please try again.";
-			setError(errorMessage);
-			toast.error(errorMessage);
+			setError(`Registration failed: ${errorMessage}`);
 		}
 	};
