source: frontend/node_modules/axios/lib/helpers/estimateDataURLDecodedBytes.js

/**
 * Estimate decoded byte length of a data:// URL *without* allocating large buffers.
 * - For base64: compute exact decoded size using length and padding;
 *               handle %XX at the character-count level (no string allocation).
 * - For non-base64: use UTF-8 byteLength of the encoded body as a safe upper bound.
 *
 * @param {string} url
 * @returns {number}
 */
export default function estimateDataURLDecodedBytes(url) {
  if (!url || typeof url !== 'string') return 0;
  if (!url.startsWith('data:')) return 0;

  const comma = url.indexOf(',');
  if (comma < 0) return 0;

  const meta = url.slice(5, comma);
  const body = url.slice(comma + 1);
  const isBase64 = /;base64/i.test(meta);

  if (isBase64) {
    let effectiveLen = body.length;
    const len = body.length; // cache length

    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      if (body.charCodeAt(i) === 37 /* '%' */ && i + 2 < len) {
        const a = body.charCodeAt(i + 1);
        const b = body.charCodeAt(i + 2);
        const isHex =
          ((a >= 48 && a <= 57) || (a >= 65 && a <= 70) || (a >= 97 && a <= 102)) &&
          ((b >= 48 && b <= 57) || (b >= 65 && b <= 70) || (b >= 97 && b <= 102));

        if (isHex) {
          effectiveLen -= 2;
          i += 2;
        }
      }
    }

    let pad = 0;
    let idx = len - 1;

    const tailIsPct3D = (j) =>
      j >= 2 &&
      body.charCodeAt(j - 2) === 37 && // '%'
      body.charCodeAt(j - 1) === 51 && // '3'
      (body.charCodeAt(j) === 68 || body.charCodeAt(j) === 100); // 'D' or 'd'

    if (idx >= 0) {
      if (body.charCodeAt(idx) === 61 /* '=' */) {
        pad++;
        idx--;
      } else if (tailIsPct3D(idx)) {
        pad++;
        idx -= 3;
      }
    }

    if (pad === 1 && idx >= 0) {
      if (body.charCodeAt(idx) === 61 /* '=' */) {
        pad++;
      } else if (tailIsPct3D(idx)) {
        pad++;
      }
    }

    const groups = Math.floor(effectiveLen / 4);
    const bytes = groups * 3 - (pad || 0);
    return bytes > 0 ? bytes : 0;
  }

  if (typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && typeof Buffer.byteLength === 'function') {
    return Buffer.byteLength(body, 'utf8');
  }

  // Compute UTF-8 byte length directly from UTF-16 code units without allocating
  // a byte buffer (TextEncoder.encode would defeat the DoS guard on large bodies).
  // Using body.length here would undercount non-ASCII (e.g. '€' is 1 code unit
  // but 3 UTF-8 bytes).
  let bytes = 0;
  for (let i = 0, len = body.length; i < len; i++) {
    const c = body.charCodeAt(i);
    if (c < 0x80) {
      bytes += 1;
    } else if (c < 0x800) {
      bytes += 2;
    } else if (c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdbff && i + 1 < len) {
      const next = body.charCodeAt(i + 1);
      if (next >= 0xdc00 && next <= 0xdfff) {
        bytes += 4;
        i++;
      } else {
        bytes += 3;
      }
    } else {
      bytes += 3;
    }
  }
  return bytes;
}