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1# Glob
2
3Match files using the patterns the shell uses, like stars and stuff.
4
5[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/isaacs/node-glob.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/isaacs/node-glob/) [![Build Status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/kd7f3yftf7unxlsx?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/isaacs/node-glob) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/isaacs/node-glob/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/isaacs/node-glob?branch=master)
6
7This is a glob implementation in JavaScript. It uses the `minimatch`
8library to do its matching.
9
10![a fun cartoon logo made of glob characters](logo/glob.png)
11
12## Usage
13
14Install with npm
15
16```
17npm i glob
18```
19
20```javascript
21var glob = require("glob")
22
23// options is optional
24glob("**/*.js", options, function (er, files) {
25 // files is an array of filenames.
26 // If the `nonull` option is set, and nothing
27 // was found, then files is ["**/*.js"]
28 // er is an error object or null.
29})
30```
31
32## Glob Primer
33
34"Globs" are the patterns you type when you do stuff like `ls *.js` on
35the command line, or put `build/*` in a `.gitignore` file.
36
37Before parsing the path part patterns, braced sections are expanded
38into a set. Braced sections start with `{` and end with `}`, with any
39number of comma-delimited sections within. Braced sections may contain
40slash characters, so `a{/b/c,bcd}` would expand into `a/b/c` and `abcd`.
41
42The following characters have special magic meaning when used in a
43path portion:
44
45* `*` Matches 0 or more characters in a single path portion
46* `?` Matches 1 character
47* `[...]` Matches a range of characters, similar to a RegExp range.
48 If the first character of the range is `!` or `^` then it matches
49 any character not in the range.
50* `!(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches anything that does not match
51 any of the patterns provided.
52* `?(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches zero or one occurrence of the
53 patterns provided.
54* `+(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches one or more occurrences of the
55 patterns provided.
56* `*(a|b|c)` Matches zero or more occurrences of the patterns provided
57* `@(pattern|pat*|pat?erN)` Matches exactly one of the patterns
58 provided
59* `**` If a "globstar" is alone in a path portion, then it matches
60 zero or more directories and subdirectories searching for matches.
61 It does not crawl symlinked directories.
62
63### Dots
64
65If a file or directory path portion has a `.` as the first character,
66then it will not match any glob pattern unless that pattern's
67corresponding path part also has a `.` as its first character.
68
69For example, the pattern `a/.*/c` would match the file at `a/.b/c`.
70However the pattern `a/*/c` would not, because `*` does not start with
71a dot character.
72
73You can make glob treat dots as normal characters by setting
74`dot:true` in the options.
75
76### Basename Matching
77
78If you set `matchBase:true` in the options, and the pattern has no
79slashes in it, then it will seek for any file anywhere in the tree
80with a matching basename. For example, `*.js` would match
81`test/simple/basic.js`.
82
83### Empty Sets
84
85If no matching files are found, then an empty array is returned. This
86differs from the shell, where the pattern itself is returned. For
87example:
88
89 $ echo a*s*d*f
90 a*s*d*f
91
92To get the bash-style behavior, set the `nonull:true` in the options.
93
94### See Also:
95
96* `man sh`
97* `man bash` (Search for "Pattern Matching")
98* `man 3 fnmatch`
99* `man 5 gitignore`
100* [minimatch documentation](https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch)
101
102## glob.hasMagic(pattern, [options])
103
104Returns `true` if there are any special characters in the pattern, and
105`false` otherwise.
106
107Note that the options affect the results. If `noext:true` is set in
108the options object, then `+(a|b)` will not be considered a magic
109pattern. If the pattern has a brace expansion, like `a/{b/c,x/y}`
110then that is considered magical, unless `nobrace:true` is set in the
111options.
112
113## glob(pattern, [options], cb)
114
115* `pattern` `{String}` Pattern to be matched
116* `options` `{Object}`
117* `cb` `{Function}`
118 * `err` `{Error | null}`
119 * `matches` `{Array<String>}` filenames found matching the pattern
120
121Perform an asynchronous glob search.
122
123## glob.sync(pattern, [options])
124
125* `pattern` `{String}` Pattern to be matched
126* `options` `{Object}`
127* return: `{Array<String>}` filenames found matching the pattern
128
129Perform a synchronous glob search.
130
131## Class: glob.Glob
132
133Create a Glob object by instantiating the `glob.Glob` class.
134
135```javascript
136var Glob = require("glob").Glob
137var mg = new Glob(pattern, options, cb)
138```
139
140It's an EventEmitter, and starts walking the filesystem to find matches
141immediately.
142
143### new glob.Glob(pattern, [options], [cb])
144
145* `pattern` `{String}` pattern to search for
146* `options` `{Object}`
147* `cb` `{Function}` Called when an error occurs, or matches are found
148 * `err` `{Error | null}`
149 * `matches` `{Array<String>}` filenames found matching the pattern
150
151Note that if the `sync` flag is set in the options, then matches will
152be immediately available on the `g.found` member.
153
154### Properties
155
156* `minimatch` The minimatch object that the glob uses.
157* `options` The options object passed in.
158* `aborted` Boolean which is set to true when calling `abort()`. There
159 is no way at this time to continue a glob search after aborting, but
160 you can re-use the statCache to avoid having to duplicate syscalls.
161* `cache` Convenience object. Each field has the following possible
162 values:
163 * `false` - Path does not exist
164 * `true` - Path exists
165 * `'FILE'` - Path exists, and is not a directory
166 * `'DIR'` - Path exists, and is a directory
167 * `[file, entries, ...]` - Path exists, is a directory, and the
168 array value is the results of `fs.readdir`
169* `statCache` Cache of `fs.stat` results, to prevent statting the same
170 path multiple times.
171* `symlinks` A record of which paths are symbolic links, which is
172 relevant in resolving `**` patterns.
173* `realpathCache` An optional object which is passed to `fs.realpath`
174 to minimize unnecessary syscalls. It is stored on the instantiated
175 Glob object, and may be re-used.
176
177### Events
178
179* `end` When the matching is finished, this is emitted with all the
180 matches found. If the `nonull` option is set, and no match was found,
181 then the `matches` list contains the original pattern. The matches
182 are sorted, unless the `nosort` flag is set.
183* `match` Every time a match is found, this is emitted with the specific
184 thing that matched. It is not deduplicated or resolved to a realpath.
185* `error` Emitted when an unexpected error is encountered, or whenever
186 any fs error occurs if `options.strict` is set.
187* `abort` When `abort()` is called, this event is raised.
188
189### Methods
190
191* `pause` Temporarily stop the search
192* `resume` Resume the search
193* `abort` Stop the search forever
194
195### Options
196
197All the options that can be passed to Minimatch can also be passed to
198Glob to change pattern matching behavior. Also, some have been added,
199or have glob-specific ramifications.
200
201All options are false by default, unless otherwise noted.
202
203All options are added to the Glob object, as well.
204
205If you are running many `glob` operations, you can pass a Glob object
206as the `options` argument to a subsequent operation to shortcut some
207`stat` and `readdir` calls. At the very least, you may pass in shared
208`symlinks`, `statCache`, `realpathCache`, and `cache` options, so that
209parallel glob operations will be sped up by sharing information about
210the filesystem.
211
212* `cwd` The current working directory in which to search. Defaults
213 to `process.cwd()`.
214* `root` The place where patterns starting with `/` will be mounted
215 onto. Defaults to `path.resolve(options.cwd, "/")` (`/` on Unix
216 systems, and `C:\` or some such on Windows.)
217* `dot` Include `.dot` files in normal matches and `globstar` matches.
218 Note that an explicit dot in a portion of the pattern will always
219 match dot files.
220* `nomount` By default, a pattern starting with a forward-slash will be
221 "mounted" onto the root setting, so that a valid filesystem path is
222 returned. Set this flag to disable that behavior.
223* `mark` Add a `/` character to directory matches. Note that this
224 requires additional stat calls.
225* `nosort` Don't sort the results.
226* `stat` Set to true to stat *all* results. This reduces performance
227 somewhat, and is completely unnecessary, unless `readdir` is presumed
228 to be an untrustworthy indicator of file existence.
229* `silent` When an unusual error is encountered when attempting to
230 read a directory, a warning will be printed to stderr. Set the
231 `silent` option to true to suppress these warnings.
232* `strict` When an unusual error is encountered when attempting to
233 read a directory, the process will just continue on in search of
234 other matches. Set the `strict` option to raise an error in these
235 cases.
236* `cache` See `cache` property above. Pass in a previously generated
237 cache object to save some fs calls.
238* `statCache` A cache of results of filesystem information, to prevent
239 unnecessary stat calls. While it should not normally be necessary
240 to set this, you may pass the statCache from one glob() call to the
241 options object of another, if you know that the filesystem will not
242 change between calls. (See "Race Conditions" below.)
243* `symlinks` A cache of known symbolic links. You may pass in a
244 previously generated `symlinks` object to save `lstat` calls when
245 resolving `**` matches.
246* `sync` DEPRECATED: use `glob.sync(pattern, opts)` instead.
247* `nounique` In some cases, brace-expanded patterns can result in the
248 same file showing up multiple times in the result set. By default,
249 this implementation prevents duplicates in the result set. Set this
250 flag to disable that behavior.
251* `nonull` Set to never return an empty set, instead returning a set
252 containing the pattern itself. This is the default in glob(3).
253* `debug` Set to enable debug logging in minimatch and glob.
254* `nobrace` Do not expand `{a,b}` and `{1..3}` brace sets.
255* `noglobstar` Do not match `**` against multiple filenames. (Ie,
256 treat it as a normal `*` instead.)
257* `noext` Do not match `+(a|b)` "extglob" patterns.
258* `nocase` Perform a case-insensitive match. Note: on
259 case-insensitive filesystems, non-magic patterns will match by
260 default, since `stat` and `readdir` will not raise errors.
261* `matchBase` Perform a basename-only match if the pattern does not
262 contain any slash characters. That is, `*.js` would be treated as
263 equivalent to `**/*.js`, matching all js files in all directories.
264* `nodir` Do not match directories, only files. (Note: to match
265 *only* directories, simply put a `/` at the end of the pattern.)
266* `ignore` Add a pattern or an array of glob patterns to exclude matches.
267 Note: `ignore` patterns are *always* in `dot:true` mode, regardless
268 of any other settings.
269* `follow` Follow symlinked directories when expanding `**` patterns.
270 Note that this can result in a lot of duplicate references in the
271 presence of cyclic links.
272* `realpath` Set to true to call `fs.realpath` on all of the results.
273 In the case of a symlink that cannot be resolved, the full absolute
274 path to the matched entry is returned (though it will usually be a
275 broken symlink)
276* `absolute` Set to true to always receive absolute paths for matched
277 files. Unlike `realpath`, this also affects the values returned in
278 the `match` event.
279
280## Comparisons to other fnmatch/glob implementations
281
282While strict compliance with the existing standards is a worthwhile
283goal, some discrepancies exist between node-glob and other
284implementations, and are intentional.
285
286The double-star character `**` is supported by default, unless the
287`noglobstar` flag is set. This is supported in the manner of bsdglob
288and bash 4.3, where `**` only has special significance if it is the only
289thing in a path part. That is, `a/**/b` will match `a/x/y/b`, but
290`a/**b` will not.
291
292Note that symlinked directories are not crawled as part of a `**`,
293though their contents may match against subsequent portions of the
294pattern. This prevents infinite loops and duplicates and the like.
295
296If an escaped pattern has no matches, and the `nonull` flag is set,
297then glob returns the pattern as-provided, rather than
298interpreting the character escapes. For example,
299`glob.match([], "\\*a\\?")` will return `"\\*a\\?"` rather than
300`"*a?"`. This is akin to setting the `nullglob` option in bash, except
301that it does not resolve escaped pattern characters.
302
303If brace expansion is not disabled, then it is performed before any
304other interpretation of the glob pattern. Thus, a pattern like
305`+(a|{b),c)}`, which would not be valid in bash or zsh, is expanded
306**first** into the set of `+(a|b)` and `+(a|c)`, and those patterns are
307checked for validity. Since those two are valid, matching proceeds.
308
309### Comments and Negation
310
311Previously, this module let you mark a pattern as a "comment" if it
312started with a `#` character, or a "negated" pattern if it started
313with a `!` character.
314
315These options were deprecated in version 5, and removed in version 6.
316
317To specify things that should not match, use the `ignore` option.
318
319## Windows
320
321**Please only use forward-slashes in glob expressions.**
322
323Though windows uses either `/` or `\` as its path separator, only `/`
324characters are used by this glob implementation. You must use
325forward-slashes **only** in glob expressions. Back-slashes will always
326be interpreted as escape characters, not path separators.
327
328Results from absolute patterns such as `/foo/*` are mounted onto the
329root setting using `path.join`. On windows, this will by default result
330in `/foo/*` matching `C:\foo\bar.txt`.
331
332## Race Conditions
333
334Glob searching, by its very nature, is susceptible to race conditions,
335since it relies on directory walking and such.
336
337As a result, it is possible that a file that exists when glob looks for
338it may have been deleted or modified by the time it returns the result.
339
340As part of its internal implementation, this program caches all stat
341and readdir calls that it makes, in order to cut down on system
342overhead. However, this also makes it even more susceptible to races,
343especially if the cache or statCache objects are reused between glob
344calls.
345
346Users are thus advised not to use a glob result as a guarantee of
347filesystem state in the face of rapid changes. For the vast majority
348of operations, this is never a problem.
349
350## Glob Logo
351Glob's logo was created by [Tanya Brassie](http://tanyabrassie.com/). Logo files can be found [here](https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/tree/master/logo).
352
353The logo is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
354
355## Contributing
356
357Any change to behavior (including bugfixes) must come with a test.
358
359Patches that fail tests or reduce performance will be rejected.
360
361```
362# to run tests
363npm test
364
365# to re-generate test fixtures
366npm run test-regen
367
368# to benchmark against bash/zsh
369npm run bench
370
371# to profile javascript
372npm run prof
373```
374
375![](oh-my-glob.gif)
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